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Beltane

(May 1)

by Gordon Ireland

{reprinted with permission}

Beltane is celebrated on May 1st and is one of the original Celtic festivals; Samhain is the other one. Beltane or May Day is also known as the Lover's holiday. Beltane is pronounced bel-tene, meaning "a goodly fire" or bel-dine, the offering of cattle to the God Bel. The latter is believed to have been connected to the Celtic god Belus, though this has not been proven. (MacCulloch, page 264-68)

Beltane is one of the four Celtic Fire festivals, and is probably the second most important festival next to Samhain. Beltane is primarily a sun festival and was performed during the day. The most important part of Beltane was the kindling of the fires. The Irish Celts would extinguish their fires the night before and would eat a cold meal to insure that all fires were out. Then they would attend the ceremony, returning with an ember to once more start their fires. The fire festival later evolved into the Celts driving their cattle through two fires to purify the herd. This was done to insure good health of the cattle for the coming year. Modern day pagans will jump over the Beltane fires, though very few actually know why they do so.

Beltane's fertility rites are not as old as some people think. They were, however, a natural extension of the planting season, May Day being the time when the crops planted earlier would begin to sprout. The story goes that Beltane marks the wedding of the Goddess and God, and that their coupling brings new life to the earth. The awakening of spring marks the end of winter. It is also the customary day of handfasting.

The use of the May pole also has sexual implications, the pole representing the phallus and the ribbons that are tied to it connecting the celebrants to the Goddess. As the lovers danced around the Pole, the wreath (the Goddess) would descend down the pole and consummate the marriage.

Beltane is also a Tree festival, and many of the fires were lit under a sacred tree. For the Celts, this use of the Tree represents death and rebirth. The tree, appearing dead in the winter, would begin to sprout new branches and leaves during this time, thus signifying the coming of summer. This use of the tree later evolved in the May pole festival. It should be noted that the Celts would also tie rags and pieces of personal articles to the tree in attempt to connect themselves to the spirit of the tree.

The other myth that is tied to Beltane is that of Shapeshifting. Beltane, like its counterpart, Samhain, has mystical implications. Once more the veil to other world is thinned and thus strange doings happen on this day. For example, in Ireland hags or witches are believed to shape shift into hares and steal all the butter from the cattle. Even in Ireland today, the men hunt down and kill all the hares in the fields with the cattle. The epic chase of Ceridwen and Gwion, which produced Taliesen, is a prime example of the changes of seasons and consummation of the Goddess and God

May Day Recipes

MEADE

1/2 gallon water

1 1/2 cups raw honey

1/4 cup lemon juice

1/8 teaspoon nutmeg

1/8 teaspoon allspice

Heat all ingredients together over medium heat in a large pot. As the honey melts, an oily crust forms at the top. DO NOT REMOVE. When it is well blended, remove from the heat, stirring occasionally as it cools. This is the non-alcoholic version. (McCoy page 136)

FARLS

3 cups real mashed potatoes

2 cups dry oats

2 tablespoons butter

1/2 teaspoon cornstarch

1/2 teaspoon baking powder

1/8 teaspoon salt

Pinch of pepper

Pinch rosemary

Soak oats in warm water for 15 minutes until soft and swollen. Mix them with all other ingredients in a large bowl. Knead until mixture is like thick dough. Make patties, fry in hot oil until brown. Serve immediately. (McCoy page 137)

BELTANE CREAM PIE

1 cup milk

1 cup cream

1/2 cup butter

3 tablespoons cornstarch

1 1/2 cups sugar

1 1/4 teaspoons vanilla

Ground nutmeg

Prepared pie crust, already cooked

Melt butter in pan over medium heat. In separate bowl add milk to cornstarch, making sure it is fully dissolved. Add this and all other ingredients to pan, except vanilla and nutmeg. Stir until mixture becomes thick. Remove from heat and stir in vanilla. Pour mixture into pie crust and sprinkle with nutmeg. Serve chilled. (McCoy page 134)

OATCAKES - IRISH

6 ounces Oatmeal (preferably fine)

2 ounces flour

1-teaspoon Salt

10 fluid ounces warm water

Mix flour and salt together. Slowly add warm water. Roll out on a floured board to 1/4 inch thick. Cut into triangles. Cook on a pan or griddle until golden on both sides. Dry out in a cool oven (300 degrees) until crisp. These cakes are eaten buttered, with a glass of milk, for supper, but are also terrific with wine and cheese.

OATCAKES - SCOTS

1/2 cup Shortening

1 cup Oats or quick-cooking oats

1 cup All-purpose flour

1/2 teaspoon Baking soda

1/4 teaspoon Salt

2 - 3 Tablespoons Cold Water

Cut shortening into next four ingredients until mixture resembles fine crumbs. Add water, 1 Tablespoon at a time, until it forms stiff dough. Roll until 1/8 inch thick on lightly floured surface. Cut into 2-inch rounds or squares. Place on un-greased cookie sheet and bake at 375 until they just start to brown - 12 to 15 minutes. Bake on a hot griddle or frying pan until the edges begin to curl. Turn over and cook the other side. Do not let the oatcakes brown; they should be a pale fawn color. Put on a wire rack to cool. They are delicious served with cheese.

IRISH SODA BREAD

1 1/2 cups All-purpose flour -- unbleached, enriched

1 1/2 cups Whole wheat flour -- stone-ground

1/4 teaspoon Kosher salt

1/2 teaspoon Baking soda

1 1/4 cups Buttermilk

Set the baking rack in the center of the oven and place a baking stone (if available) on the rack. Preheat the oven to 375. In a mixing bowl, combine the dry ingredients. Mix to incorporate. Make a well in the center of the dry ingredients and add the buttermilk. Mix quickly to incorporate the milk evenly. It may be easier to mix with the hands than with a spoon. Form the dough into a loaf shape and place in a nonstick 8 1/2-x 4 1/2 x 2 1/2" loaf pan. Place in the preheated oven and bake for 50-55 minutes, until well browned and a skewer inserted in the center comes out dry. Remove from the oven and the baking pan. Place on a wire rack to cool.

SAND TARTS (OLD GERMAN STYLE)

2 1/2 cups Sugar

2 cups Butter

2 each Egg, well beaten

1 each Egg white

4 cups Flour

Pecans

Cinnamon

Cream the butter and sugar together. Slowly add the flour, working it in well. Add the well-beaten eggs and mix thoroughly. Chill over night. Roll out thin on lightly floured board; brush cookies with the egg white which has been slightly beaten, sprinkle with sugar and a little cinnamon and press 1/2 pecan into center of cookie. Bake at 350-F about 10 minutes.

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WORKS CITED

Bord, Janet & Colin, Earth Rites, Fertility Practices in Pre-Industrial Britain, Granada, London, 1982.

Carr-Gomm, Philip, The Elements of the Druid Tradition Element Books, Rockport, MA 1998.

Danaher, Kevin, The Year in Ireland, The Mercier Press, Cork, 1972.

Henes, Donna, Celestially Auspicious Occasions: Seasons, Cycles & Celebrations, A Pedigree Book. NY, NY 1996.

Hole, Christina, Witchcraft in England, Rowman & Littlefield, Totowa NJ, 1977.

Holleston, T.W., Celtic Mythology: History, Legends and Deities, NewCastle Publishing, Van Nuys, CA 1997.

MacCana, Proinsias, Celtic Mythology, The Hamlyn Publishing Group, Ltd., London, 1970.

MacCulloch, J.A. Religion of the Ancient Celts, Folcroft Library Editions, London, 1977.

Matthews, John, The Druid Source Book: Compiled and Edited by John Matthews, A Blanford Book, London, England, 1997.

Matthews, John and Caitlin Matthews, The Encyclopedia of Celtic Wisdom, Element Books Rockport, MA 1994.

McCoy, Edain, The Sabbats: A New Approach to living the Old Ways, Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul, MN 1998.

Nichols, Ross, The Book of Druidry, Harper-Collins, London, England 1992.

Powell, T.G.E., The Celts, Thames & Hudson, New York, 1980.

Sharkey, John, Celtic Mysteries, the Ancient Religion, Thames & Hudson, New York, 1979.

Squire, Charles, Celtic Myth, Legend, Poetry, and Romance, Newcastle Publishing Co., Van Nuys, CA, 1975.

Stewart, R.J., Celtic Myths, Celtic Legends, Blanford Books, London, England, 1997.

Williamson, John, The Oak King, The Holly King, and the Unicorn, Harper & Row, New York, 1986.

Wood-Martin, W.G., Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland, Kennikat Press, Port Washington, NY, 1902.

Visit the author's journal, The Seeker, an inspirational and educational journal of the earth-based religious community, or send him an e-mail.

~*Irish*~

**~*Bermingham Chicken*~**

1 lb fresh spinach

2 oz butter

2 large slices cooked ham

4 uncooked chicken breasts - skinned

1/2 pt cheese sauce (made with 3/4 oz butter, 3/4 oz flour, 1/2 pt milk, 2 tbsp grated cheese, salt and pepper)

pepper to taste

butter for cooking

Cook spinach in butter and pepper for a few minutes - no salt as it makes the spinach tough. Chop the spinach and place in a fireproof dish. Put slices of cooked ham and the chicken breasts on top and cover with cheese sauce. Cook in moderate oven (350 F, Gas No.4) for 35 minutes until golden brown.

**~*VGnocci Dunsany*~**

3 oz cheddar cheese

4 eggs

1/4 pt milk

2 oz butter

4 large tbsp cream - whipped

salt and pepper

Grate the cheese and put 2 oz into a saucepan with egg yolks, butter, milk, salt and pepper. Stir all together over a low heat until butter is melted, taking care it does not curdle. Remove from heat and let it stand for a few minutes. Meanwhile whip the egg whites until stiff and fold gently into mixture. Pour into buttered fireproof dish and bake in hot oven (400 F or Gas No. 6) until set (about 20 minutes). Remove from oven and, having cut into squares in dish, cover quickly with whipped cream and the remaining 1 oz of grated cheese. Return to oven for about 4 minutes until slightly brown.

*~**Dublin Coddle**~*

2 lb green bacon

1/2 lb pork sausages

2 large onions

4 large potatoes

1 bouquet garni

salt and pepper

For Garnish

chopped parsley

Soak bacon in water overnight. Cut into cubes and put into stew pan and cover with water. Bring slowly to the boil, skim and simmer for 1 hour. Peel and slice the potatoes and onions. Cut sausages into chunks and together with the potatoes, onions, salt and pepper and bouquet gari, add to the bacon and simmer for 1/2 hour. Sprinkle on chopped parsley before serving.

**~*Tea Ice Cream*~**

1 pt double cream

1/4 pt very strong cold Indian tea

4 oz castor sugar

4 egg yolks - well beaten

Scald cream over low heat. Remove from heat, stir in tea, sugar and beaten egg yolks. Stir all the time and cook over very low heat until the mixture begins to thicken. Sieve and freeze.

~*German*~

*~**German Chocolate Cake**~*

(3 layers)

4 oz german sweet chocolate

1/2 cup boiling water

1 cup butter

2 cups sugar

4 egg yolks

4 egg whites, stiffly beaten

1 tsp vanilla

2 1/2 cups flour

1 tsp baking soda

1/2 tsp salt

1 cup buttermilk

Melt chocolate in boiling water. Cream butter and sugar until

fluffy, add egg yolks, vanilla, and chocolate. Add dry ingredients

alternately with buttermilk. Fold in egg whites. Pour into

three 9" pans, lined on bottoms with wax paper. Bake at 350 for

30-35 minutes. Frost tops with Coconut Pecan Frosting, leaving

sides unfrosted.

*~**Coconut Pecan Filling and Frosting**~*

1 cup evaporated milk

1 cup sugar

3 egg yolks

1/2 cup butter

1 tsp vanilla

1 1/3 cup coconut

1 cup chopped pecans

Combine all except coconut and pecans in a saucepan.

Cook over medium heat, stirring constantly, about 12 minutes.

When mixture thickens, remove from heat. Stir in coconut

and pecans. Cool until spreadable.

*German Onion Pie

*~(Zweibelkuchen)~*

4 thick slices of bacon, diced

2 cups peeled and chopped yellow onion

2 eggs, beaten

1 cup sour cream

1 tblsp flour

1/2 tsp salt

1/4 tsp fresh ground black pepper

1 9-inch pie shell, unbaked

Preheat oven to 400 degrees.

Saute bacon. Drain most of the fat from the pan. Add the onions and saute until clear. Do not brown. Set aside to cool.

Beat the eggs and sour cream together in a medium-sized bowl. Sprinkle the flour over the top and beat it in. Stir in the salt and pepper.

Prick the bottom of the pie shell several times with a fork. Spread the onions and bacon over the bottom of the pie shell. Pour the sour cream mixture over the top.

Bake for 15 minutes. Reduce heat to 350 degrees f and bake for another 15 minutes or until pie is nicely browned. Serve hot!

**~*German Tomato Salad*~**

Very simple:

Slice the tomatoes, add some sliced onions and put it in an oil/vinegar sauce. Add some salt and pepper.

Refinements: use olive oil instead of 'normal'; add garlic and / or parsley.

**~*Sauerbraten (Sour roasted beef)*~**

Use for 4-6 servings:

1kg piece of beef (e.g. from the upper back hip, no usual roast beef!)

1/4 l vinegar from red whine or a mixture 50:50 red whine and vinegar

2 bay leafs

2 tblsp whole black pepper

2 big onions

1 big carrot

200g potatoes

1/4 l bouillon

2 tblsp creme fraiche (or sour cream)

salt, pepper, oil

1. Place meat in a high dish, fill with vinegar (or mixture)

until covered. Add bay leafs and pepper grains and place dish in the refrigerator. Leave there for 2-3 days, turn meat around at least once.

2. Get meat out of marinade and dry. Spice meat with pepper all around.

3. Cut onions, carrots and potatoes in little cubes.

Heat oil, place meat in it and roast until brown from all sides.

Add onions until brown, too.

4. Salt the meat, add potatoes and carrots, then the bouillon, and, optionally, some more red whine (esp. if you used only vinegar before). Add also a little of the marinade (without leafs and pepper).

5. Simmer for at least 1 1/2 hours on low heat in a closed pot, turn once.

6. Get meat out of the pot and keep warm.

Puree the sauce, let reduce a little. Add creme fraiche or sour creme, add salt and pepper to your taste.

7. Cut meat into slices, serve.

Traditional side dishes are potatoes or Kloesse (dumplings),

and some vegetable like Rotkraut (that is hot red crabbage).

In some areas of germany, they add raisins and sliced apples to the sauce so that it gets a more sweet-and-sour taste.

**~*Russian Recipes*~**

~*RUSSIAN FLUFF*~

This is a recipe that has been handed down 3 generations.

2 lb ground chuck

1 medium onion, diced

1 small green pepper, diced

2 celery stalks, diced

2 15-oz. cans of creamed corn

12 servings of mashed potatoes (can use instant)

Brown ground chuck. Add onion, green pepper, and

celery. Drain and place browned meat into a 13" x 9" pan.

Spoon creamed corn onto meat mixture, then spoon

mashed potatoes onto corn.

Bake at 350F degrees for 30-45 minutes. Serve hot, with melted butter on top! Easy and scrumptious!

~*Stolichnyi Salad*~

Description:

A very filling salad that will please even the pickiest of eaters!

Ingredients:

4 potatoes.

2 carrots.

3 eggs.

1 can peas.

about 6-7 pickles.

chicken breast.

cilantro.

Method:

Boil potatoes, eggs, carrots until firm but cooked, allow to cool, and peel all ingredients. Boil the chicken until done. Dice the pickles, potatoes, eggs, carrots and chicken, and combine in a large bowl with peas. Add salt, pepper and cilantro to taste, and mix in mayonaise until covered.

~*Home-made Pelmeni*~

Description:

You can make a great number of pelmeni at once (500) and keep them in a fridge. All the family can get involved.

Ingredients:

Dough: 3 c flour.

1/2 c cold water.

1 ea egg.

salt.

Filling: mince meat. salt, fried chopped onion

Method:

Dough: 3 cups flour, 1/2 cup very cold water, 1 egg and salt to taste. Knead dough until it elastic and smooth. Put dough in cellophane and leave in a fridge for 30 minutes. divide dough into pieces and roll them out until thin. Make rounds with a glass. Put the meat filling in the center and pinch the edges.

To cook pelmeni, boil much water, as they cannot stick to each other. Salt water. Carefully drop pelmeni into boiling water. Cook for 5 minutes.

~*Freshly Salted Cucumbers*~

Description:

The best appetizer for Russian vodka. Or you can't find anything tastier as young potatoes with freshly salted cucumbers in summer.

Ingredients:

10 ea average cucumbers.

50 g salt.

20 g horseradish.

2 ea horseradish leaves.

1 l water.

3 garlic cloves.

Method:

Wash cucmbers carefully. Put garlic, horseradish eaves on the bottom of the jar or a small barrel, then put cucumbers, pour salted water over. The cucumbers will be ready in 24 hours.

~*Christmas Duck*~

Description:

Unique taste of Christmas you will find only in this dish! Unusual marinade makes the dish unforgettable for the whole year.

Ingredients:

1 ea duck.

Marinade:.

100 g cowberry jam.

5 ea cloves.

salt.

ground pepper.

Method:

Grease the duck with the marinade and leave for 2 hours. Then put it in a stewing-dish. Don't add any fat, as duck itself contains a lot of it. Cook for 2 hours on average heat until brown colour.

~*Obzhorchiki (Gluttonners)*~

Description:

These sandwiches can be served both as a separate dish and a snack with beer.

Ingredients:

Black bread.

Garlic.

Oil.

cheese (pickles, ham, canned fish).

cucumber.

mayonnaise.

Method:

Slice black bread and fry in oiled pan. Grease with garlic clove, spread mayonnaise on every slice. Top fish (sausage, cheese, tomatoes). decorate with greens.

~*Chocolate Cake*~

Description:

This recipe is for true chocolate lovers. Sweet, chocolate and rich. The cake is made quickly, but the pleasure is endless.

Ingredients:

175 g chocolate.

90 g butter.

4 tb sugar.

3 ea egg whites.

45 g chopped peanuts.

45 g breadcrumbs.

Glazing:.

175 g fat cream.

4 tb rum

Method:

Melt chocolate and butter in double boiler. Add sugar, beaten egg-whites, a half nuts and bread crumbs and mix thoroughly. Grease the baking mold with butter, sprinkle with bread crumbs and nuts, pour in chocolate batter and bake in a preheated oven 190 C for 25 minutes. Cool down and pour over cream whipped with rum.

~*Baursaki*~

Description:

Baursaki are small fried doughnuts from unleavened dough, usually served with Shurpa, Kazakh broth or noodle soup.

Ingredients:

4 c flour.

2 tb yeast.

1/2 c water.

0,7 c milk.

2 ea eggs.

30 g margarine.

1 1/2 tb sugar.

2 c fat to fry.

1/2 ts salt.

Method:

Make dough from all ingredients. Knead it carefully and leave for 30 minutes. Roll out small sausages and cut pieces 1 inch long. Fry them in well heated fat.

~*Zimmes From Pears*~

Description:

Zimmes is ancient Jewish dish from carrot or other vegetables, fruits or berries. It is usually served as dessert on all holiday tables.

Ingredients:

1 kg fresh pears.

3 tb butter.

1/2 c water.

1/2 c honey

Method:

Wash pears, peel off, cut into 4 parts and core. In a stew pan, put pears, pour over water, add honey and butter and stew on low heat until done.

~*Stuffed Chicken*~

Description:

This dish differs from a simple stuffed chicken by original tasty filling.

Ingredients:

1 kg chicken.

100 g cornel.

100 g rice.

50 g onion.

salt.

butter.

Method:

Fill in the chicken with cooked rice with cornel, salt and lightly fried chopped onion. Sew up and bake in the oven pouring butter over regularly.

~*Veal Tefteli*~

Description:

Tefteli are tender, fluffy cutlets, made from veal in a broth. The ideal food for people on diet. Tefteli will diversify your everyday menu. Serve tefteli with boiled potatoes and beet salad.

Ingredients:

600 g veal mince meat.

3 ea white bread slices.

3 ea eggs.

1 tb mustard.

3 ea onions.

salt to taste.

black pepper to taste.

cloves to taste.

lemon to taste.

1 l broth.

sugar to taste.

Method:

Combine mincemeat, soaked bread in milk, eggs, mustard and 2 finely chopped onions thoroughly. Salt and pepper to taste and shape 16 balls. Peel onions and pinch with cloves. Put onions and lemon slices in the broth, season to taste and bring to a boil. Strain the broth and put in tefteli, cook for 15 minutes.

http://www.russianfoods.com - Authentic Russian Ethnic Food Store - Shop Russian Foods. Find best authentic Russian Recipes.

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~*Aromatherapy Remedies*~

Pure Essential Oils:

~*Basil (Ocimum basilicum) 10ml

Basil has a herby refreshing and stimulating fragrance. It is recommended highly for disorders of the nervous system such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia, migraine and nervous tension, it gives relief to intellectual fatigue, giving the mind strength and clarity. Useful for conditions of the respiratory system and the immune system, bronchitis, colds, coughs, flu, earaches, sinusitis and infectious diseases. Also helpful for gout, muscular aches and pains and rheumatism. It is also an insect repellent and helps relieve insect bites (mosquito and wasps).

Safety Precautions- Possible sensitisation in some people, do not use in pregnancy.

~*Bergamot (citrus bergamia) 10ml

Bergamot has a nice fresh sweet fruity and slightly spicy/balsamic fragrance. Excellent for many skin conditions including psoriasis and eczema, good for acne and boils. A few drops in the bath can be useful for cystitis, it is also a good oil to use for stress related conditions. Blends well with Lavender, Geranium, Lemon, Chamomile and Juniper.

Safety Precautions- It is phototoxic, so do not use directly before exposing yourself to sunlight. It can sometimes cause sensitisation in some people.

~*Black Pepper (piper nigrum) 10ml

A very warming oil which is quite often used in small quantities with other oils in a massage to help bring relief to muscular aches and pains. Helpful for digestive complaints such as colic and constipation. Can help the immune system where colds, flu, infections and viruses are concerned. Blends well with Lavender, Marjoram and Rosemary.

Safety Precautions- Can be an irritant if used in high doses due to its rubefacient properties. Only use in moderation.

~*Cedarwood (cedrus atlantica) 10ml

Warm, smoky,woody aroma, blends well with Rosemary, Bergamot, Cypress, Clary Sage Juniper, Neroli and Ylang-Ylang. Good for treating dandruff and helpful for skin conditions such as, dermatitis, eczema, acne and fungal conditions. A few drops in the bath can help to calm nervous tension and stress related conditions. Helps relieve bronchitis, catarrh, coughs and congestion.

Safety Precautions- To be avoided during pregnancy.

~*Chamomile Roman (anthemis nobilis) 10ml

A fresh sweet, fruity herbaceous aroma, blends well with Lavender, Geranium, Rose, Clary Sage, Jasmine, Bergamot and Neroli. Very useful in skin and hair care and also muscular pain, inflamed joints, rheumatism and sprains. Excellent for menopausal and menstruation problems. Has a calming effect on the nervous system, dealing with headaches, insomnia, nervous tension, migraine and stress related conditions.

Safety Precautions- It can cause dermatitis in some individuals.

~*Citronella (cymbopogon nardus) 10ml

A good insect repellent, boosts the immune system if you have a cold, the flu or minor infections also benefits the nervous system in conditions such as fatigue, headaches, migraine and neuralgia. Can be useful for oily skin and excessive perspiration. A fresh, powerful lemony fragrance, blends well with Geranium, Lemon, Bergamot, Orange and Cedarwood.

Safety Precautions- May cause dermatitis in some people and avoid during pregnancy.

~*Clary Sage (salvia sclarea) 10ml

Its sedative and relaxing properties make it an excellent choice when dealing with stress related problems, insomnia, depression, migraine and nervous tension. A good oil for the skin, dealing with oily skin, acne and wrinkles. Useful for relieving muscular aches and pains. Well known for relieving menstrual problems and also labour pain. A sweet, nutty-herbaceous fragrance and an oil that blends well with Lavender, Bergamot, Geranium, Juniper, Frankincense, Lemon and other citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- Avoid during pregnancy, do not use if you have been drinking alcohol as it can induce a narcotic effect and exaggerate drunkenness.

~*Cypress (cupressus sempervirens) 10ml

This is a natural deodorant so is good to use in the bath, excellent for excessive perspiration. Useful for menstruation and menopausal problems. Helps poor circulation, cellulitus, rheumatism. Also helpful for respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis and coughs. A fresh, woody aroma, it blends well with Mandarin, Lavender, Clary Sage, Juniper, Marjoram, Bergamot and Orange.

Safety Precautions- Best not to use in pregnancy as the oil regulates the menstrual cycle.

~*Eucalyptus (eucalyptus globules) 10ml

An excellent antiseptic that is often used to help clear respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, sinusitis and throat infections. Also a good insect repellent and when blended with certain other oils then mixed into a shampoo can be quite effective against head lice. Eucalyptus has analgesic properties so a little blended in a carrier oil can be useful to relieve muscular aches and pains. Quite a harsh camphorous aroma, it blends well with Rosemary, Lavender, Marjoram, Cedarwood and Lemon.

Safety Precautions- For external use it is non-toxic, as with all oils keep well away from children, when taken internally Eucalyptus is toxic, it has been reported that as little as 3.5ml. has proven fatal. On the skin it is non-irratant in small dilutions.

~*Frankincense (boswellia carteri) 10ml

Used in skin care this oil is known for its rejuvenating properties particularly good for mature skin. Excellent for use with stress related conditions and anxiety, due to its ability to have a calming effect on the nervous system. Helpful for cystitis and for menstrual problems. Will also aid coughs, catarrh, bronchitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, colds and flu. A spicy, woody aroma, and blends well with citrus oils, Geranium, Lavender, Basil, Cinnamon and other spices, Sandlewood and Vetiver.

~*Geranium (pelargonium graveolens) 10ml

Quite a powerful antiseptic and deodorant it is used in skin care for many conditions, such as congested skin, broken capillaries, acne, bruises, burns, dermatitis, eczema, oily skin. A good oil for use on mature skin. Also used for menopausal problems including PMT. For the nervous system it works extremely well for nervous tension, neuralgia and stress related conditions. A rosy-sweet, floral fragrance that blends well with Lavender, Bergamot, Patchouli, Rose, Sandlewood Juniper, Neroli and most citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- Possible contact dermatitis in hypersensitive individuals, regulates the hormonal system, so maybe a good idea not to use it during pregnancy.

~*Ginger (zingiber officinale) 10ml

A very warming oil so an excellent choice for easing rheumatism, arthritis, muscular aches and pains, sprains and strains and poor circulation. Helps ease nervous exhaustion and helpful for conditions of the respiratory system. A warm, fresh, woody-spicy aroma and it blends well with Patchouli, Sandlewood, Frankincense, Rosewood, Cedarwood, Coriander, Rose, Neroli, Lime, Lemon and other citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- Do not use in high concentrations as it may cause skin irritation, also slightly phototoxic.

~*Grapefruit (citrus paradisi) 10ml

Grapefruit is a good oil to use to give you a lift when your feeling down, or suffering from depression, nervous exhaustion or headaches. Used in skin care for acne, congested and oily skin, good for hair growth and it tones the skin and tissues. Can be used for muscle fatigue and exercise preparation. A fresh sweet, tangy, citrus aroma, it blends well with Bergamot, Lemon, Rosemary, Lavender, Cypress, Geranium, Palmarosa, Cardomon and other spice oils.

Safety Precautions- Some skin irritation may occur if exposed to strong sunlight after using this oil. Also does not keep well - it oxidizes quickly.

~*Juniper (junerperis communis) 10ml

An excellent detoxifier, helps rid the body of unwanted toxins. Helps regulate the menstrual cycle and aids the relief of cystitis. Juniper is a good skin toner and is used for many skin problems. Helps the immune system against colds, flu and infections. An aid for the nervous system helping anxiety, nervous tension and stress related conditions. Fresh, sweet, woody aroma, it blends well with Rosemary, Lavender, Geranium, Cedarwood and most citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- May cause some skin irritation, important note, this oil has a stimulating effect on the uterine muscle (an abortifacient) so must not be used during pregnancy. Also due to its nephrotoxic effect it should not be used by people with kidney disease. A very useful oil, but use in moderation.

~*Lavender (lavandula angustifolia) 10ml

A most versatile and safe oil, which accounts for it being the most widest used oils in aromatherapy, it is a healing, soothing antiseptic that also has analgesic qualities, so is helpful for dealing with pain. For skin conditions the benefits are endless, as it is for all the systems of the body. This oil has so many uses, in fact there is not much it can not be used for. A sweet, floral, herby aroma, it is an oil that blends well with most other oils.

Safety Precautions- Best avoided in the early and middle months of pregnancy, also if you suffer from low blood pressure it may make you feel dull and drowsy after using it.

~*Lemon (citrus limonum) 10ml

Particularly good for oily skin and broken capillaries and general skin care, lemon oil is refreshing and antiseptic and is an aid to respiratory problems such as, Asthma, throat infections, bronchitis and catarrh. Aids poor circulation and is said to be helpful for rheumatism. A light, fresh, citrus aroma, it is an oil that blends well with, Lavender, Ylang-Ylang, Chamomile, Rose, Geranium, Juniper, Fennel, Eucalyptus, Sandlewood and other citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- It is phototoxic, so do not expose your skin to sunlight or sun beds after using it. May irritate sensitive skin- apply in moderation.

~*Lemon (citrus limonum) 10ml

Safety Precautions- It is phototoxic, so do not expose your skin to sunlight or sun beds after using it. May irritate sensitive skin- apply in moderation.

~*Lime (citrus aurantifolia) 10ml

Very similar properties and uses to Lemon essential oil. Limes fresh fruity aroma can be a general tonic and will benefit the nervous system aiding problems like depression, mental fatigue and stress related problems. A sharp, fresh fruity citrus aroma, it blends well with Lavender, Rosemary, Clary Sage, Citronella, Neroli and other citrus oils.

Safety Precautions- A possibility of irritating sensitive skin and may cause photosensitivity in the presence of strong sunlight.

~*Mandarin (citrus reticulata) 10ml

A refreshing and uplifting oil, of great benefit in lifting the emotions. Has been used over many years in massage with Lavender and Wheatgerm oil to prevent stretch marks. It makes a delightful room freshener and is helpful for insomnia and nervous tension. A delicate, sweet, fruity aroma, it blends well with most other citrus oils, Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg and Lavender.

Safety Precautions- It is possibly phototoxic, so use in moderation when exposing skin to sunlight.

~*Marjoram - sweet (Origanum majorana) 10ml

For many aromatherapists this is a favourite ingredient in massage oils for the relief of rheumatism, arthritis, muscular aches and pains, sprains, strains and lumbago. Also an excellent choice for problems of the nervous system such as, insomnia, nervous tension, hypertension, anxiety, headaches, migraine and stress related conditions. Useful for treating menstrual problems as well. A warm, camphorous, woody aroma and it blends well with Lavender, Bergamot, Tea-Tree, Rosemary, Chamomile, Cypress, Cedarwood and Eucalyptus.

Safety Precautions- Do not use during pregnancy, and prolonged use may cause drowsiness.

~*Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) 10ml

A recommended oil to use in skin care, excellent for mature complexions, wrinkles, chapped and cracked skin and eczema. Myrrh has been used in aromatherapy for many years for treating respiratory conditions such as, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, sore throats and asthma. Known also for its antiseptic, antifungal and astringent qualities, it has a sweet, warm, balsamic and spicy aroma and blends well with Frankincense, Geranium, Patchouli, Lavender, Mandarin, Juniper, Cypress, Peppermint, Sandlewood and Pine.

Safety Precautions- Do not use in pregnancy.

~*Niaouli (Melaleuca viridiflora) 10ml

Due to its powerful antiseptic qualities it's a good choice of oil to treat skin conditions such as acne, boils, burns, cuts, insect bites and other similar conditions. Used also for treating respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs and sore throats. Can be used in treating cystitis and urinary infection, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism and poor circulation. Niaouli has a fresh, sweet camphorous aroma and blends well with Fennel, Juniper, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Orange, Lime and Rosemary.

~*Orange - sweet (Citrus sinensis) 10ml

An antidepressant, so obviously it deals with depression and also helps to dispel tension and stress encouraging a positive outlook. An excellent room freshener. Also helpful in skin care, being effective on dull and oily complexions and also effective on mouth ulcers. Makes an energising bath to ward of the chills of winter. A sweet, fruity aroma and blends well with Ginger, Lavender, Lemon, Clary Sage, Neroli, Myrrh and spice oils.

Safety Precautions- Could possibly cause dermatitis or skin irritation in some individuals, do not use before exposure to sunshine or a sunbed.

~*Patchouli (Pogostemom cablin) 10ml

Has antiseptic, astringent and skin cell growth promoting properties making it an excellent choice for a whole range of skin care problems. Reputedly an aphrodisiac and it certainly has a seductive, musky, oriental fragrance. Relaxing and soothing it is well suited for treating nervous exhaustion, stress related complaints and frigidity. A sweet, musky oriental aroma, it blends well with Sandalwood, Geranium, Lavender, Rose, Neroli, Bergamot, Clary Sage and Myrrh.

Safety Precautions- Sedative in low doses and stimulating in high doses.

~*Peppermint (Mentha piperita) 10ml

Relieves rheumatic pain, headaches, neuralgia and muscular pain, renowned for its use to aid digestion. Makes a cooling footbath for tired, aching feet. Also well known for its use for the respiratory system for problems such as Asthma, bronchitis, coughs, sinusitis, catarrh and relief from head colds. A fresh and minty aroma, Peppermint blends well with Lavender, Rosemary, Lemon, Marjoram, Eucalyptus, Benzoin and other mints.

Safety Precautions- Use in moderation, can cause irritation to sensitive skins.

~*Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium) 10ml

Aids stress related conditions, nervous exhaustion and insomnia, helpful in some aspects of skin care such as acne and greasy skin, has a tonic effect on the skin, and is a natural deodorant. A fresh, floral, citrus aroma, it blends well with Lavender, Geranium, Rosemary, Bergamot, Clary Sage, Jasmine, Palmarosa and Clove.

~*Pine (Pinus sylvestris) 10ml

Blended with other oils to use in the bath or as a massage preparation it is used to relieve rheumatism and arthritis, it is a strong antiseptic and is often used in bath products and when used this way is good for nervous exhaustion, fatigue, neuralgia and stress related conditions. It is also used greatly in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, sinusitis and sore throats. Has a reputation as an excellent flea and lice repellent. A strong turpentine aroma, it blends well with Rosemary, Lavender, Tea-Tree, Lemon, Juniper, Eucalyptus, Marjoram, Niaouli and Cedarwood.

Safety Precautions- Avoid in allergic skin conditions, use in small doses, may cause skin irratation. Dwarf Pine (Pinus pumilio), another more toxic species, should be avoided and not used therapeutically at all.

~*Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 10ml

Use for muscular aches and pains, arthritis and rheumatism, either in massage or in a bath, you can use it on its own or in combination with other oils. It is stimulating for the mind, good for mental fatigue, nervous exhaustion and stress-related disorders. Can be used to inhale for colds, flu, asthma and bronchitis. A good oil to use for skin care, being helpful for acne, dermatitis and eczema, helps promote hair growth, good for dandruff, greasy hair and it stimulates the scalp and can be a deterrent for head lice. A fresh, woody, minty-herbaceous aroma, it blends well with Lavender, Citronella, Cedarwood, Petitgrain, Thyme, Basil, Peppermint, Cinnamon and other spice oils.

Safety Precautions- Avoid during pregnancy, do not use if you are epileptic or suffering from high blood pressure.

~*Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) 10ml

Useful for skin conditions such as acne, dermatitis, wrinkles and general skin care: sensitive, dry, dull or combination oily/dry. Has a balancing and calming effect on the mind, helpful for nervous tension and stress related conditions. It has a wonderful uplifting fragrance that could be described as woody, floral with a hint of spice, blends well with most other oils especially citrus, woods and florals.

~*Sandalwood (Santalum album) 10ml

Long known as an aphrodisiac, probably due to its ability to sooth the mind and strengthen the emotions. Good in skin care for dry eczema as well as ageing and dehydrated skins. A very relaxing oil, sooths nervous tension and anxiety, having a sedative effect rather than uplifting. Also helpful for insomnia and stress-related complaints. Useful as an inhalant for respiratory infections. A warm sweet-woody aroma it blends well with Geranium, Lavender, Rose, Black Pepper, Rosewood, Patchouli, Jasmine and Myrrh.

Safety Precautions- Maybe best avoided in states of depression as it could lower the mood even more.

~*Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 10ml

Natures own antiseptic, although most oils have antiseptic qualities Tea Tree is one of the most potent antiseptic of all oils. An excellent booster of the immune system, valuable in treating colds and influenza and other respiratory infections, either for use in inhalation, massage or in the bath. Has an anti-fungal action therefore good for athletes foot, verrucas, warts, etc. Helpful for skin problems such as insect bites, spots, acne, cold sores, rashes, itchy skin. A powerful medicinal aroma, blends well with Lavender, Rosemary, Clary Sage, Marjoram, Geranium, Pine and spice oils. Although it blends well with other oils it has the ability to overwhelm the other oils so sometimes best to use on its own.

Safety Precautions- Possible sensitisation in some people, may cause irritation to sensitive skins.

~*Vetivert (Vetiveria zizanoides) 10ml

A deeply relaxing oil, well known to be invaluable for use in massage and in the bath for anybody experiencing stress or suffering from insomnia, depression and nervous tension. Can be used also for arthritis, rheumatism, sprains and muscular aches and pains. A useful insect repellent, it has a smoky-earthy, woody aroma and blends well with Rose, Sandalwood, Lavender, Clary Sage, Jasmine, Patchouli and Ylang Ylang.

~*Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata) 10ml

Helps promote a feeling of well being and relaxation, useful in disorders of the nervous system such as insomnia, nervous tension, depression and stress-related problems. A very good oil to use in general skin care, it also has aphrodisiac qualities and is helpful in cases of high blood pressure, rapid breathing and palpitations. An exotic, sweet-floral, slightly spicy aroma, it blends well with Rosewood, Bergamot, Lavender, Rose, Patchouli, Lemon, Orange, Melissa, Neroli, Vetivert, Citronella and Grapefruit.

Safety Precautions- Could possibly irritate sensitive skins. Do not use on inflammatory skin conditions and dermatitis. Use in moderation as its powerful heady scent could cause headaches and nausia.

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Herbal safety issues - posted on: April 9, 2006

N a recent report, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that there is widespread use of traditional medicine in all developing countries, while use of complementary and alternative medicine is increasing rapidly in developed countries.

*****

*A Native American grandfather was talking to his grandson about how he felt.

Grandfather said, "I feel as if I have two wolves fighting in my heart. One wolf is the vengeful, angry, violent one. The other wolf is the loving, compassionate one."

The grandson asked him, "Which wolf will win the fight in your heart?"

The grandfather answered, "The one I feed."

Disclaimer: Herbal Remedies; Each individual person, fabric, or material may react differently to a particular suggested use.

It is recommended that before you begin to use any formula, you read the directions carefully and test it first.

Should you have any health care-related questions or concerns,

please call or see your physician or other health care provider.