THE TORONTO STAR â" APRIL 30, 2002
Canada could prevent weaponization of space
No other country is in a better position to initiate international action
By James George, Dr. Carol Rosin and Alfred Webre
ON JUNE 13, 2002, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty will
expire following its unilateral termination by the Bush
administration, leaving an international legal void that will allow the
weaponization of space.
The termination of the ABM Treaty will permit research, development, testing, manufacturing, production and deployment of space-based weapons, and space-based components of the U.S. National Missile Defense System to go forward, instigating a dangerous, costly, and destabilizing arms race in space, impacting all of us.
Russian Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov has already suggested that if the U.S. proceeds, Russia could deploy its own response to the U.S. space-based weapons system. The stated objectives of the United States Space Command in "Vision For 2020" are to seize the strategic high ground of space to "dominate and control."
There is a rapidly growing worldwide movement to stop this potentially catastrophic arms race in space. This must be stopped before it begins â" this year.
As seen from space, Canada lies between Russia and the United States, and, geography aside, no country is in a better position to initiate international action. Since 1982, Canada has led the growing United Nations lobby opposing weapons in space.
Deputy Prime Minister John Manley stated on July 26, 2001: "Canada would be very happy to launch an initiative to see an international convention preventing the weaponization of space." With the strong support of U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the U.N. General Assembly last Nov. 29 voted 156-0 to prevent an
arms race in space. Almost everyone wants it.
On Sept. 28, 2001, Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov had invited "the world community to start working out a comprehensive agreement on the non-deployment of weapons in outer space." At the U.N. Conference on Disarmament in June last year, China had taken a similar position.
But neither Russia nor China will initiate binding action while the United States is unbound. If Canada does not act now, who will? If we do, we will generate far more support and respect than we gathered over our land mines initiative. We could turn the tide that will lift all ships and preserve space as a weapons-free commons.
In the United States, polls confirm that this result is what the great majority of Americans want. When there is almost unanimous international pressure, as well as very strong domestic support, the United States will change course.
In the next few days, every head of government will be receiving, from the Institute for Cooperation in Space, a Space Preservation Treaty, which is the international companion to the legislation introduced as H.R. 3616, the Space Preservation Act of 2002, in the United States House of Representatives on Jan. 23.
The act requires the U.S. to implement an international treaty that will ban all space-based weapons and the use of weapons to destroy or damage objects in space that are in orbit to preserve the co-operative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind.
The Space Preservation Treaty is an effective and verifiable world agreement that also will:
-Implement a ban on space-based weapons.
-Implement a ban on the use of weapons to destroy or
damage objects in space that are in orbit.
-Immediately order the permanent termination of
research and development, testing, manufacturing, production and
deployment of all space-based weapons.
The treaty allows for space exploration, research, development, testing, manufacturing, production and deployment of civil, commercial and defence activities in space that are not related to space-based weapons. Under the terms of the treaty, each nation having signed the treaty shall immediately work toward supporting other non-signatory nations in signing, ratifying and implementing the treaty.
Once three nations sign it and deposit it at the United Nations, Annan is required to report publicly to the U.N. General Assembly every 90 days on the progress of implementing a permanent ban on space-based weapons and on the progress of signing and ratifying the treaty.
Once 20 nations have signed and ratified the Space Preservation Treaty, it will go into force; the outer space peacekeeping agency will be funded and empowered to monitor and enforce the ban on space-based weapons.
Canada's signing of the treaty will encourage Russia to maintain Russia's and China's longstanding commitment to keep space weapons-free and to sign the treaty as well. Together, Canada, Russia, China, and many other nations already on record as supporting such a treaty, can lead the nations of the world in signing the Space Preservation Treaty.
We can and must stop the weaponization of space before it occurs. The signing of the Space Preservation Treaty will put needed pressure on the U.S. Congress and administration to sign this verifiable and enforceable agreement. This permanent ban on all space-based weapons, worldwide, will transform the war industry into a space industry that will stimulate the creation of clean and safe technologies, products and services, including new jobs and training programs, that can and will be applied directly to solving urgent human and environmental problems.
What can an ordinary citizen do? Contact Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Deputy Prime Minister John Manley and Foreign Minister Bill Graham immediately. Tell them to lead the way, to be the first to say that they will sign the Space Preservation Treaty. This is the greatest challenge of our generation.
James George is a retired Canadian diplomat who served at the United Nations. He can be contacted at geojam6@sympatico.ca
Dr. Carol Rosin is president of The Institute for Co-operation in Space (ICIS), a non-profit educational foundation.
Alfred Lambremont Webre is an ICIS international director.
CLASSIFICATION OF OBSERVED UFO OCCUPANTS
by Richard D. Butler
GROUP A...NON-EARTH-BORN HOMO SAPIENS
This group consists of three being types from three distinct colony zones, namely Sirius, Pleiades and Orion. Genetically, they are nearly identical to Earth humans with the following exceptions. Abductees refer to these beings as the "talls." Males average approximately seven feet in height; females, six and a half feet. They are extremely fine featured, pale in complexion. Eyes are almond shaped, slightly slanted with a natural black liner, much like Egyptians. There are three hair colors apparently related to colony origin: blonde (Pleiades), black (Orion), and red (Sirius). The insignia of these combined human races is a triangular arrangement of three spheres. This symbol has deep significance, and is found throughout Earth history. History records these beings as goddesses, gods, devas, etc. A subgroup of Group A females is in command of most Earth projects.
GROUP B...EARTH-BORN HUMANS
These are Homo Sapiens whose origin is the planet Earth. They can be divided into two separate classes.
Class A (Ancient)...These humans were the companions and house servants of a Group A military mining and occupation force. When this force left the Earth sometime between 1,000 B.C. and 2,000 B.C., it was decided to remove all humans that had been in close proximity with them. It was felt that leaving them would only further disrupt normal human development. Class A humans are on an equal level with Group A and cooperate fully in all Earth projects.
Class M (Modern)...These humans are working on the same cooperative level as Class A. They were taken from the Earth in modern times. During some abduction projects, twins (either identical or fraternal) are induced in a female subject. During the first trimester, one of the fetuses is removed. It is then grown to maturity by Group A. Abductees will meet their twins during some abductions. Very limited contact has been made by these humans.
GROUP C...GENETICALLY MODIFIED EARTH-BORN HUMANS
These humans are comprised of two classes and should not be confused with Group D Greys.
Class W (Workers)...This class is the smallest in physical stature. They are described as approximately three and a half feet in height, large head and eyes, pale white in complexion. these workers were created by Group A through genetic modification of Earth human fetuses. Their function is to perform menial tasks requiring limited reasoning abilities. In mental capacity, they are equivalent to a five year old child. They are incapable of violence and, in come cases, are kept as companions by Group A individuals.
Class T (Technicians)...These humans are basically the same as Class W. they are slightly larger, at approximately four and a half feet in height. Their complexion is tan or yellowish. Their reasoning and deductive powers are higher. This allows them to perform more complex operations. They are often seen operating ship controls and in transport activities. Both Classes W and T are telepathically camouflaged to appear as Greys by abductees. This is done to conceal the true nature of Group C. It is felt that perception of Group A maintaining a human slave population would hinder future contact efforts. This point will undoubtedly be a source of much heated debate in the near future.
GROUP D...GREYS
Of the six groups discussed in this paper, the Greys appear to represent the only non-human contingent. The following data should be considered tentative at best. Height is approximately five and a half feet. The head is large; eyes large, black and very slanted. Skin color is dark grey and non-porous. All data so far indicates that they may be a cetacean-based life form. On Earth, this comprises the species of whales and dolphins. Descriptions of GreysU skin color and texture closely match that of dolphins. The stare and stun effects approximate that performed by dolphins on potential enemies, such as sharks and barracuda. Human and dolphin fetuses are nearly identical, up to a certain development stage. Some say they share a common genetic ancestor. If so, then this makes the hybridization of human and dolphins theoretically feasible. There are two possibilities concerning the origin of the Greys. The first is that a cetacean life form evolved on another planet. Unlike Earth cetaceans, they did not return to the oceans. The second possibility involves the genetic modification of Earth cetaceans by Group A. When Group created
workers in ancient times, they may have used the two most evolved species available. These would have been pre-humans and dolphins. There is evidence for this in ancient writing, sculptures and paintings. they show a close relationship between the gods (Group A) and dolphins. In South America, there are ruins which appear to have been massive water enclosures. could these have been the breeding pens of the Greys?
GROUP E...HUMAN/GREY HYBRIDS
One of the main ET projects, now in the completion stage, is the hybrid program. The goal of this project is to produce a being combining the best physical and mental qualities of both races. The following description is of a hybrid female, approximately fifteen years old. Height is five feet, three inches; skin color is pale white/grey. the head is slightly larger and rounder than normal. Hair is dark, high above the forehead, and worn in a very long ponytail. The face is very fine-featured, and attractive. Like all the beings discussed in this paper, her method of communication is telepathic. This has allowed a deeper understanding of her intellectual and emotional make-up. They consider themselves human, not Grey, in almost all respects. They care about the Greys, as any child would a parent, but find them
agonizingly boring. The desire for human contact is greater than all others. Their capacity for emotion is as great, if not greater than, humans. Any physical attribute more human than Grey is a great source of pride. their intellectual capacity is well above human standards. It is very likely they will exceed the capabilities of both races.
GROUP F...SASQUATCH
These have been seen both near, and on-board, UFOs. Little is known about them. Some have speculated that they are the original pre-human species from which Homo Sapiens were derived.
"And God said, Let US make man in OUR image, after OUR likeness...."Genesis, Chapter 1, Verse 26
"And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the Sons of God saw the daughters of men, that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose... There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the Sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them...." Genesis, Chapter 6, Verses 1,2,4
Alleged UFO Crashes:
The following list of UFO crashes was compiled by the Phoenix
Foundation from numerous sources within the Gemstone Intelligence Network (GIN), an international intelligence organization founded and operated by the Phoenix Foundation. For further information on Phoenix Foundation membership or to receive the organization's newsletter, please contact: The Phoenix Foundation, Research Division, P.O. Box 92008, Nashville, Tennessee 37209.
April 17, 1897 - Aurora, Texas
A mysterious airship is said to have crashed in this town, exploding into many small fragments. Reportedly, the occupant was child-size and greenish, and the craft contained papers covered with heiroglyphics. The pilot's body is supposed to be buried in the local cemetery. Although the case was widely regarded as a hoax, new investigation brought to light a peculiar alloy that was eventually analyzed by the McDonnell Aircraft Company.
Dec. 22, 1909 - Chicago
Six years after Kitty Hawk, newspapers from New York to Chicago were astounded by national reports of a huge airship flying across the nation and seen by thousands. It crashed west of Chicago, but was never found. The story was front-page news in the nation's major newspapers.
1933 or 1934 - Ubatuba, Brazil
Witnesses on a beach are said to have seen a disc dive and explode, showering the area with silvery fragments of highly pure magnesium.
May, 1947 - Spitzbergen, Norway
A report by journalist Dorothy Kilgallen stated that British scientists and airmen were excavating the wreckage of a mysterious flying ship. The Swedish military acknowledged its extraterrestrial origin and reported 17 bodies were found. The story appeared as a tiny blip for only one day in the U.S. news media before it was silenced by the military. I personally saw this news story years ago.
July 2, 1947 - Roswell, New Mexico
The most famous and thoroughly investigated by journalists, this is the crash that launched Majestic-12. It was the first and only time the U.S. government publicly admitted it had recovered a crashed flying saucer. Within hours, the craft was whisked off to Wright-Patterson AFB and a new cover story emerged, claiming it had been only a weather balloon. In recent years, the officer responsible for that cover story has recanted. Three or four humanoid bodies were recovered; one was alive for a short time.
February 13, 1948 - Aztec, New Mexico
Three radar units tracked a falling UFO. Secretary of State George C. Marshall requested a search party be dispatched from Camp Hale in Colorado. A helicopter team found a crashed 30-foot disc 12 miles northeast of Aztec and recovered 2-12 badly burned humanoids. The disc is stored in Hangar 18 at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio.
August 1948 - Laredo, Texas
Four officers witnessed the crash of an object and the recovery of bodies 38 miles south of Laredo, Texas, in Mexico. The information came from an NBC affiliate in Chicago, who received it from a source in Army security.
August 19, 1949 - Death Valley, California,
Two prospectors named Mace Garney and Buck Fitzgerald claimed to have watched an object crash in the desert. It was a 24-foot disc. The story appeared on page 13 of the local Bakersfield newspaper the next day.
Before 1950 - Mexico
Roy L. Dimmick, sales manager for the Apache Powder Company of Los Angeles, spoke with a man from Mexico and another from Ecuador who had seen a disc crash near Mexico City.
April 1950 - Argentina
Mr. E.C. Bossa found a strange disc and four small dead pilots in a remote region of Argentina. He returned with a friend the next day and found only a pile of warm ashes. A cigar-shaped object was seen briefly as it flew overhead at a high altitude.
1953 - Brady, Montana
Mr. C.M. Tenney, returning from Great Falls to Conrad, saw an oval object that followed his car while balls of fire fell all over the road. Later that day he was phoned by a colonel from Malmstrom AFB who asked him to come to the base at 10 a.m. the next day. He was escorted to a windowless room inside a fenced-off compound and asked to sign a statement. While doing so, he says he saw two men carrying large laundry bags containing humanoid bodies.
May 21, 1953 - Kingman, Arizona
A USAF veteran claims to have participated in the recovery of a crashed aluminum-like disc impacted 20 inches into the earth. It was oval, 32 feet wide. Inside were two swivel chairs, an oval cabin and numerous instruments. One 4-foot-tall occupant was recovered, dead. It had a dark brown complexion and wore a silvery metal suit with no helmet. The witness' affidavit was released by respected UFO researcher Ray Fowler in UFO Magazine, April 1976.
Mid-1950s - Birmingham, Alabama
When a disc crashed near Birmingham, the area was cordoned off and humanoid bodies were flown to Maxwell AFB, according to a man who claims to have flown the helicopter with the bodies to a waiting aircraft.
Spring 1954 - Mattydale, NY
In this suburb of Syracuse, at 3 a.m. on a Sunday, an information specialist and his wife saw a 20-foot-wide object being examined on the ground by several men who were taking pictures. The next day an officer told them the event was a military secret. Later, police denied the whole incident ever took place.
1959 - Frdynia, Poland
An object was reported to have fallen into the harbor. Divers recovered pieces of shiny metal, which was examined by the Polytechnic Institute and Polish Navy. Some material was reportedly lost. Several days later a small humanoid was found on a nearby beach; its remains were sent to the Soviet Union.
March 1960 - New Paltz, NY
Local law enforcement authorities captured a small humanoid outside his craft while two copilots escaped. The alien was turned over to the CIA and died 28 days later.
January 1967 - Southwest Missouri
A Mr. Loftin found a 40-inch disc and gave it to the U.S. Testing Company for analysis.
November 9, 1974 - Carbondale, NJ
A glowing object fell into a small lake outside town. Three teenagers saw it fall at 7:30 p.m. on a Saturday. They observed a yellow-white glow under the water that shifted to a point 25 feet offshore. The boys were kept in a police car for three hours while a number of vehicles with floodlights and cranes removed a disc-shaped object and put it into a van. The following Monday, a railroad lantern and battery were recovered from the lake and officials called the whole thing a hoax. Hoax? Or cover story?
May 17, 1974 - Chili, NM
An Air Force team allegedly removed a 60-foot-wide metallic object from an impact area and moved it to Kirtland AFB.
May 6, 1978 - Padcaya, Bolivia
A large luminous object crashed on a 13,000-foot mountain. An expedition of soldiers and scientists was dispatched to the site, but was delayed by bad weather. They found nothing.
1978 - Soviet Union
After a collision with a Soviet fighter plane, a disc-shaped object fell into the ocean off Finland, where it was recovered - with humanoid bodies - by a Soviet salvage team.
Copyright 1992 by the Phoenix Foundation. All rights reserved.
May 13, 2002
Posted May 12.02
Britain's MoD Declines All Further UFO Reports
[Original headline: After half a century, it's RIP for the UFOs]
There is a very popular play here called Peter Pan wherein Tinkerbell from Fairyland announces she is dying because people don't believe in her any more. The children in the audience then clap like mad and call out, "We believe in fairies, we believe in fairies," and Tinkerbell's light grows bright again and she stops dying forthwith.
If the modern version of Tinkerbell from Fairyland is ET the Extraterrestrial, all the clapping and believing in the world will not keep the little fellow alive. It's official: We don't believe in aliens any more.
The Ministry of Defence Directorate of Intelligence has declared that it no longer wishes to be sent any reports of UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) and, perhaps more pertinently, the enthusiasts of the British Flying Saucer Bureau announced they are suspending activities because sightings have dried up. "Perhaps", said a spokesman wanly, "our alien visitors have completed their survey of earth".
UFOs were a national fixation
These terse announcements tucked away inside a few newspapers in no way reflect the obsessional nature of the events they refer to. For half a century, UFOs were a national fixation, provoking near hysteria in the 1950s and prompting top-secret investigations by the government, a fact that was always denied.
Many of the reports, at a time of Cold War tension with the Soviet Union, were convincing and scary. In 1952, Air Commodore Michael Swinney was an instructor at the RAF Central Flying School. During a Meteor flight with a trainee, he said, "We broke through cloud and I saw three circular white discs in front of me, two on a level keel and one slightly canted. We continued climbing until they took on the aspect of a flat plate."
"I felt we were looking at something we should not be seeing and I was told on landing I looked as if I had seen a ghost."
Swinney's student, Lt. Commander David Croft of the Royal Navy, confirmed the story. "An Air Ministry officer told us the objects had been picked up on radar and had a ground speed of 600 mph. Fighter planes were scrambled but saw nothing.
"I don't know what I saw but I saw something. I don't think there's any way they could have been terrestrial but I have no idea if other beings are around."
In August 1950 at RAF Farnborough, Stan Hubbard, an experienced test pilot, was walking across the airfield when he heard a humming, hissing sound. "I turned round and saw a strange object approaching. It looked like an edge-on view of a sports discus. It was pearly grey and appeared to be crackling and sparking and gave the impression there was something moving on it."
A month later, Hubbard and five other officers had a similar weird sighting from the watch-tower at Farnborough.
The Air Ministry was not convinced and concluded that in the first sighting, Hubbard "was either a victim of an optical illusion or observed some normal aircraft and deceived himself as to its shape and speed." As to the second sighting, the Ministry said, "We conclude that the officers saw some quite normal aircraft at extreme range and were led by the previous report to believe it to be something abnormal, an interesting example of one report inducing another."
"Absolute rubbish," said Hubbard last week. "My engineering experience convinced me it was not of this earth. We do not have the technology capable of that sort of performance."
This was a time when the threat of atomic war with the Soviet Union hung over the world. Whitehall did indeed fear an alien invasion but not from space, from Eastern Europe. In an action it has always denied until records were found recently, the Ministry of Defence in August 1950 set up the
Flying Saucer Working Party
Flying Saucer Working Party (many UFOs seemed to look like flaying saucers) to sift through the many claimed sightings.
It is clear now why it was all kept secret. For the government to announce that people were seeing things and it did not know what they were would have resulted in a loss of confidence in the armed forces at the peak of the Cold War. And if the UFOs did turn out to be Soviet weapons, to announce they had been seen would reveal the state of Britain's radar and air defences.
So it was mum all round as thousands of reports, often feeding off each other, were meticulously investigated. The Working Party itself was abandoned after just 12 months but military intelligence continued to take an unacknowledged interest in UFO reports for 50 years.
Many of the early sightings were a product of the primitive radar system of the time, experts have since concluded, while others were optical illusions caused by atmospheric conditions.
Researchers believe that if there was a cover-up it was a cover-up of ignorance. Although some things never were explained, official files turned up no trace of a single alien encounter.
Which is rather a pity because I for one would have liked to know more about the experience of an elderly lady from Kensington who said she was visited by a Martian at night. He was seven feet tall and covered in red hair. He said he had been sent to examine her water
Story originally published by:
Sunday Nation / Kenya | Gerry Loughran - May 12.02
The Soviet UFO Files
Paranormal Encounters behind the Iron Curtain.
By Paul Stonehill
Director of the Russian Ufology Center
Unidentified Flying Objects UFOs - have been sighted over the territory we know today as Russia since the days of antiquity. For centuries people have seen objects in the sky that they could not identify, and many of them have recorded sightings, which could not be explained away as meteors, planets, stars, or weather balloons.
Some of the most interesting information concerning UFO sightings is still locked away in the secret archives of the state. Occasionally, the guarded vaults do open up, either by the passing of history or chance, and information leaks out. Recently declassified documents of the Russian Ministry of the Interior, dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, reveal some interesting UFO sightings from the Russian Empire.
Among them is a very unusual report to the Tsar from his Third Department of the Chancellery (the former title of the secret police). The report describes certain extraordinary light effects observed in the sky by the inhabitants of the city of Orenburg, and corroborated by the police and military, during the night of December 26,1830. Other reports mention the appearance of UFOs over Ustyug on January 30, 1844, as well as sightings from 1846 and 1847.
Secret files aside, the Russian history of UFO sightings dates back thousands of years. In the Russian north, near the Arctic Circle, there are ancient stone monuments that were reputedly built at the same time as Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.
Smaller in size, the spiral "labyrinths" of the White Sea are no less enigmatic. They can be found on the Solovetski Islands, and throughout the area known as the Tersk Shores in the southern portion of the Kola Peninsula. One of the labyrinths lies near the ancient Umba, near the Lesnoi settlement. UFOs have frequently been sighted over the area by the Saami hunters (reindeer-breeders and descendants of ancient nomadic tribes). Similar double-spiral labyrinths have been found throughout the ancient world, in Egypt, China, and Scandinavia; even more amazing is the fact that the same labyrinths were depicted on ancient Minoan coins! As we shall see, Russia is very similar to that labyrinth: full of secrets, enigmas, and mysteries.
REVELATIONS FROM THE RUSSIAN CHRONICLES
In AD 904, the Russian Prince Oleg began his campaign against the Greeks. He marched out of Kiev in the direction of Constantinople, with a huge force of men, pushing on by horse, ship, and, apparently, "flying apparatuses." Upon his arrival Oleg discovered that the Greeks had fortified the strait and closed up their city. Oleg disembarked upon the shore and ordered his troops to beach the ships.
The resultant battle with the Greeks raged for many weeks, becoming tooprolonged for Oleg's taste. In the hope of inducing a swift conclusion he commanded his troops to make wheels, which they attached to the ships. When the wind was favorable, they spread the sails and bore down upon the city from the open country. According to the chronicles, the Russians launched "horses" into the air that were well equipped and "colored golden." From these the warriors threw fiery arrows at Constantinople.
However, to ascend into the air for the purpose of destroying a city the Russians would have to have been in possession of a level of technology that they definitely did not possess in AD 904. Where did the Russians borrow such horses? Who was interested in aiding them to conquer Constantinople? The emperors Leo and Alexander both made peace with Oleg, and after agreeing to pay the tribute and mutually binding themselves by oath, they kissed the cross. They invited Prince Oleg and his men to swear an oath likewise. According to the religion of the Russians, the victors swore by their weapons and by their deity Perun, as well by Volos, the god of cattle, and thus confirmed the treaty. His people called Oleg "the wise." He was still a pagan ruler, but one that apparently had powerful friends.
Another curious manuscript that reveals the existence of UFOs in ancient Russia was discovered in Kazan University, and researched by Moscow historian, M.D. Strunina.
The manuscript tells the story of a boy named Yasha, who, while collecting berries one day in the forest, suddenly encountered a stranger, clad in white clothes, next to him. The stranger introduced himself as Timofei, and placed Yasha in a giant "copper cauldron," from where some unknown force ascended them both to Heaven. Yasha spent three years there. Timofei taught him different sciences, as well as "magic." Then the boy was returned to Earth, in the same "cauldron," at the same spot in the forest. Timofei gave him two coins as a present, one golden, the other made of silver. Researchers have made comparisons between folk tales and contemporary knowledge.
IRN FADLAN AND THE "RIDERS IN THE SKY"
In AD 921, the Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Muktadir, sent Ibn Fadlan, an Arabian chronicler, with an embassy to the King of the Bulgars of the Middle Volga. Ibn Fadlan wrote an account of his journeys with the embassy. According to this account, during the very first night spent in the palace of the Bulgar king, Ibn Fadlan witnessed very strange celestial phenomena. Just before sunset, the horizon became bright red, and from above came a deafening low rumble. Ibn Fadlan raised his eyes to the sky and saw two fiery-reddish clouds moving above him, which continued to merge and then separate during the course of the sighting. The chronicler described incredibly vivid human - and horse-like shapes inside the clouds. He also saw weapons in the arms of the beings within the clouds as if they were engaged in a battle.
The Arabs were terrified by these incredible phenomena and knelt down in prayer, but the Bulgars explained the "riders in the sky" as Jinni (in Moslem legends, a supernatural being who can take human or animal form and influence human affairs); the "faithful" ones against the "unfaithful". Were the "horses" observed by Ibn Fadlan and his companions the same ones that came to the aid of Prince Oleg in his battle to conquer Constantinople some 15 years before?
ROBOZERO: THE BALL OF FIRE
The Robozero sighting is the most famous UFO case in the history of ancient Russia. Yuri Roszius and other Russian researchers of paranormal phenomena have studied it extensively. The event occurred "in the year 171" (that is, the year 7171 from "the creation of the world") which corresponds to the year 1663. The details of this amazing and enigmatic event have been preserved because of the efforts of the Archeological Commission.
It published a collection of its historical acts in 1842, among which was an authentic 17th century document signed by Ivan (Ivashko) Rzhevsky, a "laborer," in which he bore witness to a remarkable event. According to Rzhevsky's testimony, on August 15, 1663, between 10:00AM and noon, a "great noise" resounded over Robozero Lake (located in the Vologda Region, about 80 miles southwest of Belozersk). From the north, out of a clear sky, appeared a huge flaming sphere not less than 130 feet in diameter. From its fore-part emitted two "flame" beams, about "20 sazhens ahead of it" (a sazhen is about seven feet). From its sides poured bluish smoke. This huge ball of fire, its height like that of a modern 15-story building, hovered over the lake. The phenomenon was observed by a multitude of people who had gathered for mass at the parish church, situated on the lake shore.
The "great noise" occurred just as the thanksgiving singing had begun. Terrified by this noise, the people emerged from the church, but upon seeing the "frightful sight" they went back into the church and "prayed to the Lord and the Virgin Mary with tears and weeping." Shortly afterwards "the great flame and the two smaller ones vanished," but it reappeared on two or three more occasions, moving in a westward direction (seemingly becoming brighter each time) before finally dimming and disappearing from view a full hour and a half later. Peasants were sailing in a boat on the lake at the time, but the scorching heat forced them to the bank. They saw that light from the unknown object had penetrated the water and reached the bottom of the lake-"about four sazhens down" (28 feet). They saw "fish fleeing from the flame toward the shore."
Rzhevsky's story was corroborated by another eyewitness, a peasant by the name of Levko Fedorov, and he also received written confirmation from the local priests that "such a token was observed on that date." Only then did Rzhevsky report the occurrence to his superiors. However, despite providing a detailed description of the phenomenon, Rzhevsky does not offer any subjective interpretation of it. Others have tried to interpret the Robozero phenomenon. Russian astronomer D. Svyatski, in his book "Astronomical Phenomena in Russian Chronicles," claims that the eyewitnesses saw pieces of a meteorite that flew apart after an explosion - but this does not account for the sighting of the people in the boat approaching a hovering body? Others have tried to explain it as balllightning-but there was no storm or rain that day. The life span of lightning is short. Its diameter is no more than three feet-certainly not 130 feet.
Yuri Roszius analyzed Rzhevsky's report and came up with a fresh interpretation of the sighting. His detailed analysis included the study of one interesting episode related by eyewitnesses. The document notes a change in the outer appearance of the object: an increase in its brightness when it came into view for the third time. For some reason this change preceded the start of the object's progressive movement westward. In modern times, such an increase in brightness could be attributed to the firing-up of cruise engines (an increase in its thrust). Is it by chance that the object's brightness increased before its departure?
Mankind did not possess such advanced technology then, but it is feasible that the population of Robozero was being observed by an alien civilization. To this day no known scientific theory has explained the phenomenon.
1028 SERPENT-LIKE SIGN
Russian researcher Valentin Krapiva has compiled a series of UFO sightings from antiquity that appear in the Russian chronicles. In 1028 there was a serpent-like sign in the sky, so big that it could be seen throughout the Russian lands. It terrified the natives who fled in terror. The UFO hovered ominously for over two days.
1111 A FIERY PILLAR
In the Russian Far Fast, an area of frequent UFO activity throughout history, a fiery pillar appeared from the ground and rose several miles into the sky Lightning lit all around the pillar, and it was accompanied by a thunderous noise. The locals believed it to be a sign from God.
1317 TVER
In December 1317 a strange circular UFO plagued the city of Tver for over a week, before eventually moving northward and out of sight. The circle, which was bright green and emitted a pulsating red glow at its center produced three rays: two pointed eastward, and one westward.
1319 A HEAVENLY ARC
During the course of January, at night over most areas of Russia numerous witnesses observed "fiery pillars," similar to those sighted in 1111, that extended from the ground toward the sky Some people also sighted a "heavenly arc." Yet others saw horse-like flying entities, equipped with "lanterns."
1403 SUN-LIKE UFO
Three objects appeared in the sky on June 14, 1403. They were "sun-like," and they emitted blue, green, and crimson rays. They formed a pattern that was something "like an arc." The last object was cross-like, great in size, and it appeared to remain, pulsating, at the heart of the moon. It hovered there for over an hour before disappearing.
1880 ST. PETERSBURG UFO
A giant bright, spherical object flew over St. Petersburg on July 30,
1880. The UFO was accompanied by two identical craft, only smaller in size. The flight of the UFOs was noiseless, and they were observed over the city for three minutes.
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